Abstract: Natural legality represents a dualistic unity of special (physical) and general laws. The latter are poorly known to science. However, their evaluation is an authoritative criterion for truth of the specials. In fact, we will trace the supreme law on which the Universe is built – the Principle of Oppositeness and its incarnations, namely: The same actually appear a Principle of Dualism, because the opposites exist only in pairs. The dual structure brings out another aspect of it – the Principle of Determinism, since the two opposite sides are determined by each other. At the same time, there must be limit beyond which definiteness passes into the antipode indefiniteness. From definiteness, derive the Principle of Cognizability and the Principle of Unambiguity: Only one determination (one truth) is obtained from one opposition. According to these principled positions, it follows: First, the mass and energy are a pair of opposites in an inviolable unity. Energy can only be defined through mass. Views of particles with energy but no mass, or vice versa, are untenable. Second, the "mass-energy" relationship is a single one, in the form: E=m.c2. Third, the law of the energy (E) of the electromagnetic wave proposed by M. Planck: E=h.f (f=1/T – frequency of the wave) violates the above laws, admitting a substantial inaccuracy. That is precisely why Planck's constant (h) is obtained with an unspecified physical meaning. The correct formula is: E=h.n , where (n) is a number – number of periods (T). Thus, the constant (h) acquires the meaning of a marginally discrete portion of energy: E0=h=m0.c2 – the energy of one period. To her corresponds a marginally discrete portion of mass (m0) – the indivisible atom of Democritus (460 BC) (the ultimate small particle of field matter). The state below these limits is indeterminacy (only whole periods are integrated). Thus, the ratios (energy).(time), respectively, (impulse).(coordinate) turn out to be incorrect. This nodal arrangement can be confirmed by different expertise.
Keywords: Principle of
Oppositeness, Principle of Dualism, Principle of Definiteness, Planck's
Constant, Democritus atom
1. INTRODUCTION
Science in an undeniable way
proves that the Process of development of matter proceeds from the simple to
the complex, where Consciousness also appears. It, in turn, initiates a
Cognitive Process in the opposite direction – from the complex to the simple to
closing of the circle. Thus, the first process forms a section
"going", which has material characteristics, and the second - a
section "returning", which is immaterial, cognitive, ideal.
Naturally, both sections concern physics most directly.
The cognitive process zigzags,
generally speaking, between truths and untruths. Today, we already see it
breaking through to material structures of visible
elementariness. And his entire path to here is strewn with opposites -
the steps without which descending into the depths of matter is impossible. In
this wave order, Knowledge also reveals the presence of a dualistic natural
legality – a unity of mutually determining special and general laws.
2. EXPOSITION
2.1. Essence of the general
natural laws
The discovery of physical laws is undoubtedly a great achievement. Let's take for example the
formulations involving the main physical quantities: L=t.c and E=m.c2,
where (L) is the length, (t) is the time, (E) is the energy, (m) is the mass
and the factor ( c)
is the speed of light. But this high scientific level is not the last. It is
only a ceiling of special knowledge. Above it stand still extremely important
laws of nature, unknown or poorly known to modern science (perhaps, due to
their high degree of commonality). It is they who form the higher natural
legislation, explaining the structure and way of functioning of the Worlds.
The general laws of nature
outline the framework of Objective Reality, outside of which mental deceptions wander. Or, the general laws dictate the rules by which the
private are formed. Hence, the private natural laws are necessarily contained
in the general ones, respectively, they cannot violate the general ones. This
circumstance is a criterion of truth of the highest order, not subject to
abrogation or variation. In particular, the interaction between private and
general laws of nature has the following causal character:
– Special natural laws provide
a visual insight into How? specifically, as formulas, the relationships between
natural quantities appear – in the above example, between the quantities
"length (L) - time (t)" and "energy (E) - mass (m)".
– General natural laws reveal
Why? the relationships between the
natural quantities look just like that, and not in any other way – in the above
example, why the quantities length (L) and energy (E) are found in relation
exactly to the
quantities time (t) and mass (m) and not to some others.
2.2. Principle of opposites and its incarnations
Available scientific data and
in-depth research on it allow us to judge that opposites are everywhere in our
surrounding reality. We will support this with two pragmatic examples:
– The basic physical
quantities, in fact, form pairs of opposites "mass-energy",
"length-time". Here we pay attention to the global detail that in
each such pair, one component is always of a material nature (in this case,
mass and length), and the other – of an immaterial, ideal nature (in this case,
energy and time). The "material-ideal" relation is the basis of the
opposition.
– The essence of physical
quantities is also dual - in the form (number). (concept-scale). Since physics
has no view of these features, for clarification we will bifurcate the length and time as follows: Length represents "a
certain number of spatial scale units", respectively, "number of
meters" or the dualism (number).(meter).
Accordingly, time represents "a certain number of time scale
units", respectively "number of seconds" or the dualism
(number).(second).
Directly to the question, there
can be no doubt that the development of the entire Objective Reality (Nature,
Society, Knowledge) is subordinate to the supreme Principle of Oppositeness.
The same actually appear a Principle of Dualism
(actually,
Principle of material-ideal dualism), because the opposites exist only in
pairs. The dual structure brings out another aspect of it – the Principle of
Determinism, since the two opposite sides are determined by each other. At the
same time, there must be limit beyond which definiteness passes into the
antipode indefiniteness.
From
definiteness, derive the Principle of Cognizability (External reality is knowable because it is fully
determined) and the Principle of Unambiguity:
Only
one determination (one truth) is obtained from one opposition.
2.3 More about the higher Natural legislation
As we have repeatedly
mentioned, in its essence dualism is reduced to a single, strictly fixed
regularity – to the unity "material manifestation-immaterial (ideal) manifestation". Before us is without alternative,
impossible to transformation, natural pattern that comes from the depths of
matter. This means that the process "development of matter" starts
from two interacting opposite beginnings – "material nature-ideal
nature". As the solely available creative material, the material-ideal
beginning is carried over into the whole variety of the next derivative
production, from which emanates a Principle of Similarity: The material gives
rise to material forms, the ideal – Ideal. And so until the appearance of a
material body-ideal consciousness, material male sex-ideal female sex, etc.
This duality opens up the possibility to determine the two manifestations by the
method: One through the other, in comparison with the other, in contrast to the
other. Other way to determine does not exist. A very important element here
is the bifurcation of the Principle of Determination itself – a bifurcation of quantitative
(material) determination and qualitative (ideal) determination. Hence its full
name is a
Principle of quantitative-qualitative Determination.[1]
Such is the legal framework
with which physics must be aware and abide by. We say this because since the
beginning of the 20th century, at her
meet all kinds of free interpretations. And, unfortunately,
for a long time it has been in striking deviations from the above objective
limits of rational thinking (leaning more on subjective ideas,opinions and the
like, instead of legal grounds).
2.3 Determinative relations of the basic physical quantities
According to the Principle of
Definiteness, basic physical quantities cannot exist and manifest in any other
way than in pairs of opposites. Looking
in
depth, mass (m) and length (L) should be the material components in these pairs,
and energy (E) and time (t)
–
the ideal ones. Physics has already established the formal kind of these relations without
knowing why they look just like that. In them, mass
(m) corresponds to energy (E) and length (L) to time (t). Other combinations
are impossible. Further, we will make a visual reading of the mutual
determination only in the "energy-mass" relation:
1. Qualitative determination: Opposing qualities
individuate material-ideal pairs in which they are defined one by the other.
This method of determination is the only one possible.
– The ideal quantity "energy (E)" is expressed
(defined) by its opposite – the material quantity "mass (m)" in the
natural law: E=m.c2, according, m=E/с2 and E/m=с2 (determinative action goes in a
circle), where the factor
(k=c2) is a coefficient of proportionality (c – the speed of light). Other variants of this mutual determination are excluded
from the law: One pair of opposites – one determination. Or the ratio E=m.c2
cannot be modified.
2. Quantification:
The different quantities of a quality individuate pairs of opposites in which
they are defined one by the other. This method of determination is the only one
possible.
– The quantity "energy (E1)" is expressed (determined)
by the quantity "energy (E2)" in the natural law: E1=n.E2 ,
respectively, E2=E1/n , where the factor (n) is a coefficient of
proportionality (number). Other variants of this mutual determination are
excluded from the law: One pair of opposites – one determination.
In this line of thought, let's
pay attention to M. Planck's formula for the energy of the electromagnetic
wave: [2]
E=h.f (1)
where (h) is the Planck
constant and (f) is the frequency of the wave – 1/t or number of oscillations
(n) per unit time (t). As can be clearly seen, here physics is in violation of
the law "One opposition - one determination". At first glance, it
seems as if she found a way to define energy without its opposite, mass (mass
does exist, but it is hidden in the constant (h), evident from its dimension
[kg.m2/s]). And since this simply cannot
be done, the conclusion is forced that there is something wrong with this
formula. According to the given examples, the same must be either of the form E=m.c2 or of the
form E1=n.E2. It is proved in an undeniable way that it represents the
definition E1=n.E2, where E2=h.
2.4 Frequency as an attribute not of energy, but of power
of the wave process
Even at its nascency, Quantum Physics falls into
indefiniteness, arising mainly from the fundamental Planck constant h,
which appears devoid of physical meaning. A similar jumble are and the stories with absolutely empty space (vacuum) and waves in it.
The logic based on the Principle of Determination is uncompromising. To
receiving a
wave, including electromagnetic, two prerequisites are necessary: First, a
material oscillator for its occurrence. Second, a discontinuous material medium
for its propagation (there can be no wave without displacement of one part
relative to another part). And the Planck constant must have a physically clear
status of a material phenomenon.
We have already made it clear that formula (1) for the electromagnetic wave energy cannot be true. The following situation is legal here: There is an equal sign between the energy of the wave and the energy of the oscillator that causes it. And the energy of the oscillator is obviously a result, is a sum of repeating the energy of one oscillation many times...orthodox and fully defined dependence.
.Then what kind of phenomenon is the Planck constant (h)? There can be no doubt about its quantitative determinacy (its fixed value). But we are not talking about an ordinary number here. According to the dimension [J.s] or [kg.m2/s], it also has quality indicators. Why don't they satisfy the Principle of Determination? Let's present the dimension even more provocatively, in the form: [(kg.m2/s2).s] or [(kg.c2).s].The mass (kg). is obviously there. The speed of light squared (c2) also appeared, which means that in this part the constant (h) has the defined meaning of energy (E). But the prominent additional temporal dimension (s) discredits this qualitative determinism. Looks like incorrectly included in the dimension in question. Why does this happen? Are the ratios (energy).(time), respectively, (impulse).(coordinate), called an indeterminate, quantum state, correct?
The thorough analysis leads to
the conclusion that the frequency (f) is not an attribute of the energy, but of
the power P of the wave process:
P=dE/dt=h.dn/dt
[watt] (2)
Videlicet, the correct formula for the energy is:
E=n.E0=n.h=n.(m0.с2)
(3)
Thus, the constant (h) acquires the meaning of a marginally discrete portion of energy: E0=h=m0.c2 – the energy of one period. To her corresponds a marginally discrete portion of mass (m0) – the indivisible atom of Democritus (460 BC) (the ultimate small particle of field matter). [3] Below these limits, uncertainty reigns. The very concepts for energy and mass lose meaning.
From (3), the inviolable organic relation will be in
effect:
h/m0=с2
(4)
We summarize: The energy E of any periodic (cyclic) movement is
equal to the energy h*–const. of one period multiplied by the number (n) of periods. There are no reasons for exceptions to this rule,
introducing determinism into Quantum Physics. Treatments of particles with energy but
no mass or vice versa are meaningless.
2. 5
Macroequivalents of the constant (h)
According to the Principle of Similarity,
we can use macro-cyclic processes to confirm the above generalization. To illustrate the essence of the constant (h), we will give an example with
the AK-47.
We perform several trials with different firing frequency (different frequency of the process
sine wave). Result: Regardless of the
firing frequency, the energy released is always equal to the energy (h*) – const. of one charge, multiplied by
the number (n) of used charges (E=h*.n).
And the electricity meter is
based on the same dependence. It works by the formula: (dE/dt).dt=h.dn
[watt.sec]. One revolution of the disc
realizes the constant energy (h*) (depends only on the
invariable dimensions of the disc and the material from which it is made). That
is why the device is not interested in the frequency of the
"rotation" process, but only counts the number (n) of rotations. That is, the energy expended is
always equal to the energy (h*) – const. of one rotation of the disc,
multiplied by the number (n) of rotations (E=h*.n).
We have a categorical conformity and at the internal combustion engine. Here (h*) is the
energy from one rotation of the crankshaft. Its constant value is due to the
invariable volume of the cylinders. Thus, the converted energy is always equal to the energy
(h*) – const. of
one revolution of the shaft, multiplied by the number (n) of the revolutions
made (E=h*.n). While engine power depends on frequency – P=h*.(number of
revolutions/per minute).
3. CONCLUSION
Mathematics, we know, is the
most accurate and objective science because it operates only with quantitative
relations. That is why the fact that it is in full sync with the mentioned general
laws is indicative
(demonstrates
the dualism and quantitative
definiteness of Nature). The exact opposite can be said about modern physics. The same is in absolute conflict with these laws, which
means a heavy deficiency of veracity.
Let
us repeat: The Universe is subordinate to the Principle of
Oppositeness=Principle of quantitative-qualitative Determination. According to
them, Planck's constant (h) cannot represent indefiniteness. After the
clarifications made, it gets the meaning of a boundary portion of energy (h=E0),
corresponding to a boundary portion of mass (m0) - the indivisible
atom of Democritus. Mass (m0) and energy (h=E0) are
uncreateable and indestructible. The energy/mass ratio (E0/m0=E/m=c2
– const.), respectively, an ideal/material factor, is inviolable. Neither
energy nor mass has an independent existence (there cannot be energy without
mass, and there can be no mass without energy). The mass (m0) and
the energy (E0=h) are at every point of space
– force
field. This simple substance
– primary cells of material cores, with immaterial (ideal)
surroundings and force between them
– is a single one.
References
[1]. Nikolov A. – Towards a change of ideas in philosophy and
physics, Sofia 1999, part
II, pp. 178-278
[2]. Giancoli D. – Physics, Moscow
1989, Vol. 2, pp. 500-503
[3]. Radev R. – Ancient Philosophy, Sofia
1988, pp.
97-108, 132-148
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